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The U.S. Constitution designates the Vice President of the United States as President of the Senate.
http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/tocs/a1_3_4-5.html
The Framers of the Constitution explain why they designated the Vice President of the United States as President of the Senate, in Article I, Section 3, Clause 4 of the Constitution.
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed68.asp
Hamilton wrote that "to secure at all times the possibility of a definite resolution of the body, it is necessary that the President [i.e. the Vice President of the U.S.] should have only a casting vote."
http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Constitution_Senate.htm#5
The position of the Vice President as President of the Senate was borrowed from the New York Constitution.
http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Vice_President.htm
U.S. Senate Historical Office's compendium of information about the office and the people who have held it, including detailed discussion of the role of the Vice President in presiding over the Senate.
https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/vice-president-biden
Official biography of Vice President Joe Biden.
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