Directory of Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Resources

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• Academy

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/academy/
  Description of the philosophical institution founded by Plato, which advocated skepticism in succeeding generations.

• Active Powers

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/activepo/
  The capacities of impulse and desire which lead to or determine human action, as described by 18th and 19th century Scottish common sense philosophy.

• Aenesidemus

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/aeneside/
  Biography of the 1st century philosopher who defended the ten tropes of skepticism.

• Anaxagoras

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/anaxagor/
  Greek philosopher born about 500 BCE, responsible for giving philosophy a home at Athens and the first philosopher to introduce a spiritual principle which gives matter life and form.

• Anaxarchus

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/anaxarch/
  4th century BCE philosopher of Abdera, from the school of Democritus.

• Anaximander

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/anaximan/
  Greek philosopher of Miletus, born 611 BCE who thought it unnecessary to fix upon air, water, or fire as the original and primary form of body.

• Anaximenes

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/anaximen/
  5th century BCE Greek philosopher of Miletus who regarded 'air' as the primary form of body.

• Animals and Ethics

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/anim-eth/
  Consideration of moral status of non-human animals.

• Anselm

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/anselm/
  11th century English prelate who developed views of atonement and satisfaction which are still held by orthodox theologians.

• Antisthenes

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/antisthe/
  Athenian philosopher and founder of the Cynic sect who was born around 440 BCE.

• Aquinas, Thomas

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/aquinas/
  The life and work of the major figure in scholastic philosophy.

• Aristippus

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/aristip/
  Description of the life and teachings of the philosopher Aristippus, founder of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy.

• Aristotle

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/aristotl/
  The life and work of the 4th century BCE Greek philosopher.

• Augustine

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/augustin/
  Extensive article on the life and work of the 4th century ecclesiastical author.

• Bacon, Francis

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/bacon/
  16th century philosopher and politician.

• Bakhtin Circle

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/bakhtin/
  School of Russian thought centered on the work of Bakhtin which focused on questions of signification in artistic creation.

• Beccaria, Cesare

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/beccaria/
  18th century aristocrat whose work 'On Crimes and Punishments (1764)' inspired reform in the Italian criminal justice system.

• Behaviorism

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/behavior/
  Theory in philosophy of mind which maintains that talk of mental events should be translated into talk about observable behavior.

• Bentham, Jeremy

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/bentham/
  Extensive article on the 18th century 'founder' of utilitarianism.

• Berkeley, George

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/berkeley/
  Influential 18th century Irish philosopher.

• Bolingbroke, Henry St. John

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/bolingbr/
  18th century Tory disciple of Locke.

• Butler, Joseph

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/butler/
  18th century icon of a highly intellectualized theology.

• Caird, Edward

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/caird/
  Nineteenth century Scottish philosopher who was one of the key figures of the idealist movement that dominated British philosophy from 1870 until the mid 1920s.

• Carnap, Rudolf

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/carnap/
  Extensive article about his life and work, by Mauro Murzi.

• Chinese Room Argument

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/chineser/
  John Searle's thought experiment is one of the best known counters to claims of artificial intelligence.

• Chrysippus

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/chrysipp/
  Prolific stoic of Soli, and disciple of Cleanthes.

• Cicero, Marcus Tullius

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/cicero/
  1st century BCE Roman orator and philosopher of the New Academy.

• Cleanthes

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/cleanthe/
  Stoic philosopher of Assus in Lydia, disciple of Zeno of Citium.

• Cudworth, Ralph

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/cudworth/
  17th century 'Cambridge Platonist' who fought for preservation of religious ideals, including divine illumination.

• Cumberland, Richard

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/cumberla/
  17th century critic of Hobbes and the neo-Platonists.

• Cyrenaics

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/cyren/
  Description of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy, which flourished from the 5th-3rd centuries BCE. The Cyrenaics were skeptics and hedonists.

• Damon

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/damon/
  5th century BCE Pythagorean philosopher of Syracuse.

• Davidson, Donald

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/davidson/
  Introduction to one of the most significant philosophers concerned with philosophy of mind and action of the 20th/21st century.

• Deism, English

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/deismeng/
  Explores the deism of Hobbes, Locke, Tindal, and the influence of Hume.

• Deism, French

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/deismfre/
  The deism of Voltaire and Rousseau.

• Democritus

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/democrit/
  4th century BCE philosopher of Abdera who expanded the atomic theory of Leucippus.

• Demonax

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/demonax/
  Philosopher of the second century CE. who tried to revive the philosophy of the Cynic School.

• Descartes, René

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/descarte/
  Early modern philosopher who rejected religious authority in the quest for scientific and philosophical knowledge.

• Dewey, John

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/dewey/
  Leading light of the 20th century American school of thought known as pragmatism.

• Diderot, Denis

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/diderot/
  The most prominent of the French Encyclopedists and one of the leaders of the Enlightenment.

• Diogenes Laertius

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/dioglaer/
  3rd century biographer of ancient Greek philosophers.

• Diogenes of Sinope

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/diogsino/
  4th cn. BCE cynic philosopher of Sinope.

• Eckhart, Meister

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/eckhart/
  13th century Dominican mystic who was almost forgotten until Franz von Baader revived his memory in the nineteenth century.

• Eclecticism

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/eclectic/
  Group of ancient philosophers who sought to reach by selection the highest degree of probability in the search for truth.

• Egoism, Psychological and Ethical

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/egoism/
  Maintains that the individual self is the motivating moral force and the end of moral action.

• Emanation

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/emanatio/
  The theory that all derived or secondary things flow from the primary.

• Empedocles

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/empedocl/
  5th century BCE philosopher who combined medical study with Orphic mysticism.

• Encyclopedists

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/encyclop/
  Group of French philosophers and men of letters who collaborated in the production of the famous Encyclopedie.

• Epictetus

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/epictetu/
  Eminent Stoic philosopher, born as a slave at Hieropolis in Phyrgia in 55 CE.

• Epicurus

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/epicur/
  4th century BCE materialist, empiricist, and hedonist. One of the major philosophers of the Hellenistic period.

• Euclides

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/euclides/
  4th century BCE native of Megara, and founder of the Megarian or Eristic sect.

• Evolution

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/evolutio/
  Introduces evolution through the ages, from the ancient Greeks, through Leibniz and Descartes to Darwin and Spencer.

• Ferrier, James Frederick

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/ferrier/
  The earliest absolute idealist in English philosophy.

• Fichte, Immanuel Hermann

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/fichteih/
  Aimed to secure a philosophical basis for the personality of God.

• Fichte, Johann Gottlieb

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/fichtejg/
  One of the major figures in German philosophy in the period between Kant and Hegel.

• Freud, Sigmund

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/freud/
  Lenghty article on the father of psychoanalysis who is generally recognised as one of the most influential and authoritative thinkers of the twentieth century.

• German Idealism

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/germidea/
  The German reaction to empiricism, including related theories of Kant, Fichte, Hegel and others.

• God, Western Concepts of

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/god-west/
  Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy article on God from Socrates to Nietzsche.

• Gorgias

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/gorgias/
  Greek sophist and rhetorician, known as "the Nihilist," born in 483 BCE.

• Greek Philosophy

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/greekphi/
  The philosophical currents of Ancient Greek philosophy are introduced, from the Presocratic philosophers through to Proclus.

• Hamilton, William

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/hamilton/
  19th century exponent of the Scottish common-sense philosophy.

• Hartmann, Karl Robert Eduard Von

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/hartmann/
  19th century German philosopher who attempted to combine the idea of Hegel with the will of Schopenhauer in 'spiritual monism.'

• Hegelians, St. Louis

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/hstlouis/
  19th century group of amateur American philosophers founded and led by William Torrey Harris.

• Helvetius, Claude Adrien

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/helvetiu/
  One of the 18th century Encyclopedists who held the skeptical and materialistic views common to that school of philosophy.

• Hempel, Carl Gustav

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/hempel/
  A leading member of logical positivism, the German philosopher died in 1997.

• Heraclitus

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/heraclit/
  5th century BCE. Presocratic Greek philosopher.

• Herbert of Cherbury, Edward

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/herbert/
  17th century historian, poet (brother of George), and philosopher. Sought to determine the nature and standard of truth, and conditions of knowledge. Precursor of the philosophy of Common Sense.

• Hippias

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/hippias/
  Hippias was a sophist, a contemporary of Socrates, and an enthusiast for universality.

• Hobbes, Thomas

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/hobmoral/
  17th century British philosopher. Author of Leviathan (1651).

• Hodgson, Shadworth

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/hodgson/
  Follower of Kant, founder of the Aristotelian Society.

• Hölderlin, Johann Christian Friedrich

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/holderli/
  Examines the poet's role in the development of German Idealism.

• Humanism

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/humanism/
  Brief article on Erasmus and the Italian humanist movement.

• Husserl, Edmund

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/husserl/
  Leader of the German phenomenological movement.

• Huxley, Thomas Henry

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/huxley/
  19th century zoologist and advocate of Darwinism.

• Identity Theory

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/identity/
  Form of monistic materialism which maintains that mental states and brain activities are identical.

• Interventionism

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/interven/
  Examines the nature and justifications of interfering with another polity or choices made by individuals.

• Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/jacobi/
  18th century German philosopher, famous for effective criticism of Kant.

• Just War Theory

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/justwar/
  Some of those who have attempted to justify war include Aquinas, Grotius, and Pufendorf.

• Leucippus

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/leucippu/
  5th century BCE founder of atomism.

• Locke, John

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/locke/
  Article on the life and work of the influential philosopher.

• Lombard, Peter

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/lombard/
  French scholastic theologian of the 12th century, influenced by Abelard.

• Lotze, Rudolf Hermann

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/lotze/
  19th century German philosopher who criticised the pantheism of Hegel.

• Lucretius

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/lucretiu/
  Roman poet and advocate of Epicurean philosophy.

• Menippus

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/menippus/
  Third century BCE Greek philosopher and satirist.

• Mill, John Stuart

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/milljs/
  19th leader and prophet of utilitarianism, heir to the Hume-Bentham line, and influential force in modern political theory. Author of On Liberty (1859), and Utilitarianism (1863).

• Moral Luck

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/moralluc/
  Andrew Latus, St. Francis Xavier University, summarizes the discussion between Thomas Nagel and Bernard Williams on the question: Can luck ever make a moral difference?

• Moral Philosophy

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/ethics/
  Introduction to ethics, with links to other articles at the IEP.

• Natural Law

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/natlaw/
  Standards that govern human behavior objectively derived from the nature of human beings.

• Natural Theology

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/theo-nat/
  Used in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to describe knowledge of God drawn from nature.

• Neoplatonism

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/neoplato/
  The revival of Greek philosophy in 3rd century BCE, led by Plotinus and his disciple, Porphyry. Influenced by both Pythagoras and Plato.

• Ockham, William of

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/ockham/
  Detailed biography of the 14th century Franciscan.

• Paley, William

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/paley/
  18th century British theologian.

• Parmenides

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/parmenid/
  Greek philosopher and poet.

• Peripatetics

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/peripati/
  Brief history of the Peripatetic doctrines.

• Plato

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/plato/
  Biography and description of the philosophy of Plato.

• Plotinus

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/plotinus/
  3rd century CE founder of Neo-Platonism.

• Poincaré, Jules Henri

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/poincare/
  19th century French philosopher of science.

• Positivism, Legal

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/legalpos/
  Theory that law is manufactured according to certain social conventions.

• Prodicus

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/prodicus/
  5th century BCE sophist, possibly a mentor of Socrates

• Protagoras

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/protagor/
  Early Greek sophist.

• Pyrrho

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/pyrrho/
  4th century BCE founder of the Greek school of skepticism.

• Pythagoras

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/pythagor/
  The 6th century BCE philosopher.

• Reichenbach, Hans

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/reichenb/
  Leading German philosopher of science, and logical positivist.

• Renaissance

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/renaissa/
  Brief article on the transition between Middle Ages and modernity.

• Rights, Human

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/hum-rts/
  A treatment of the origins and development of the theory of human rights, with philosophical analysis, justifications, and criticisms.

• Roman Philosophy

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/romanphi/
  Short introduction to Roman philosophy from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

• Rousseau, Jean Jacques

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/rousseau/
  18th century French author of the Social Contract, influential during the French Revolution.

• Russell's Paradox

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/par-russ/
  Examines self-referential linguistics used to describe properties and sets.

• Shaftesbury, Earl of

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/shaftes/
  Patron of John Locke

• Shpet, Gustav

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/shpet/
  Leading proponent of Russian transcendental phenomenology.

• Skepticism, Ancient Greek

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/skepanci/
  A description of skepticism in Ancient Greece, led by Pyrrho.

• Skepticism, Contemporary

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/skepcont/
  Introduction to the current discussion of skepticism.

• Social Contract Theory

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/soc-cont/
  View that morality is based on social agreements that serve the interests of those who make the agreement.

• Solipsism

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/solipsis/
  The doctrine of the solipsist is that existence means my existence and that of my mental states.

• Solovyov, Vladimir

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/solovyov/
  19th century Russian philosopher.

• Sophists

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/sophists/
  Teachers of philosophy in Ancient Greece, including Protagoras, Gorgias, Prodicus and Hippias.

• Spinoza, Benedict

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/spinoza/
  17th century pantheist, critic of Descartes.

• Stephen, Leslie

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/stephen/
  19th century British academic.

• Stilpo

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/stilpo/
  4th century BCE member of the Megarean school.

• Stirling, James Hutchison

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/stirling/
  19th century British Idealist, Hegelian academic.

• Stoic Philosophy of Mind

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/stoicmind/
  Description of the philosophy of Mind of the Stoics, including the relationship between mind and body, perception, action-theory, and emotion.

• Stoicism

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/stoicism/
  Description of the system of ethics, popular in Ancient Greece, which has physics as its foundation.

• Symposium

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/symposiu/
  Drinking-parties in Ancient Greece where the guests reclined on couches, and were crowned with garlands of flowers.

• Synderesis

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/synderes/
  Scholastic philosophy describes this as the principle in moral consciousness which directs an agent to good.

• Thales

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/thales/
  Detailed biographical essay on the Ancient Greek philosopher.

• The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/
  Free online encyclopedia. Edited by James Fieser and Bradley Dowden, hosted by the University of Tennessee at Martin.

• Theophrastus

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/theophra/
  Philosopher of the Peripatetic school, successor to Aristotle at the Lyceum.

• Time

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/time/
  Long article about questions of time discussed throughout the history of philosophy.

• Timon

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/timon/
  3rd century BCE disciple of Pyrrho.

• Truth

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/truth/
  Philosophical theories on the nature of truth, by Bradley Dowden and Norman Swartz.

• Vienna Circle

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/viennacr/
  Organised the development of logical positivism in the 1920s. Included Carnap, Feigl, Frank, Gödel, Hahn, Kraft, Neurath, Waismann. Popper and Wittgenstein also had association with the Vienna Circle.

• Virtue Theory

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/virtue/
  View that morality is the development of or virtues.

• Voluntarism

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/voluntar/
  Theory that God or the ultimate nature of reality is conceived as some form of will.

• Warburton, William

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/warburto/
  18th century Church of England bishop, and critic of the Deists.

• Wittgenstein, Ludwig

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/wittgens/
  Detailed essay on the life and work of the 20th century philosopher.

• Xenophon

  http://www.iep.utm.edu/xenophon/
  Pupil of Socrates, who contributed to the record of his life.

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